Measuring output current in a buck SMPS

ABSTRACT

A sample and hold circuit takes a sample of the current flowing through an inductor of a buck switched-mode power supply (SMPS) at substantially the middle of the low side portion (50 percent point during low side switch ON) of the pulse width modulation (PWM) period. This sample of the current through the SMPS inductor during the low side ON 50% point may be considered as the “average” or “DC output” current of the SMPS, and taken every time at precisely the same low side ON 50%. A constant current source and sink are used to charge and discharge a timing capacitor whose voltage charge is monitored by a high speed voltage comparator to provide precise sample timing.

RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This application claims priority to commonly owned U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/065,152; filed Oct. 17, 2014; which is herebyincorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a switched-mode power supplies (SMPS),and, in particular, to accurate measurement of the output current in abuck SMPS.

BACKGROUND

Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) deliver a great deal of power whilewasting very little, because the circuit elements of the SMPS areextremely efficient and dissipate very little power. In SMPSs, inparticular, point-of-load (POL) converters, it is essential to provide areal time measurement of output current with a high degree of accuracy(1%-3% at full load) for maximum operating efficiency. Not only mustthis current measurement be accurate, but it must not impact the SMPSPOL converter's efficiency or dynamic performance. Sensing and measuringcurrent to such a high degree of accuracy (1%-3%) is an issue that hasexisted for many years in SMPS designs. No known solution exists todayto satisfy this requirement that does not adversely affect the POLconverter's efficiency.

SUMMARY

Hence there is a need for more accurate measurement of SMPS outputcurrent without degrading efficiency and/or dynamic performance of theSMPS.

According to an embodiment, a method for performing current measurementin a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) having high side and low sideswitches coupled in series between a supply voltage and common, and apower inductor coupled between a junction of the high side and low sideswitches and a load may comprise the steps of: charging a timingcapacitor with a first constant current when the high side switch may beon; discharging the timing capacitor with the first constant currentwhen a pulse width modulation (PWM) period reaches 50% and the high sideswitch may be on; discharging the timing capacitor with a secondconstant current when the PWM period reaches 50% and the high sideswitch may be off, wherein the second constant current may be twice thefirst constant current; and sampling the power inductor current when avoltage on the timing capacitor reaches a predetermined referencevoltage.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the timing capacitormay not be charged or discharged when the high side switch may be offand the PWM period may be less than 50%. According to a furtherembodiment, pre-charging said capacitor to the reference voltage whenthe power inductor current may be sampled. According to a furtherembodiment, the step of converting the power inductor current sampleinto a digital representation thereof may be done with ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC).

According to a further embodiment of the method, may comprise the stepsof: averaging a plurality of the power inductor current samples; andconverting the average of the plurality of the power inductor currentsamples into a digital representation thereof with an analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC).

According to a further embodiment of the method, the step of samplingthe power inductor current may comprise the steps of: providing acurrent measurement resistor between the low side switch and the supplycommon; and sampling a voltage developed across the current measurementresistor when the voltage on the timing capacitor reaches thepredetermined reference voltage.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the high side and lowside switches may be power transistors. According to a furtherembodiment of the method, the power transistors may be metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). According to a furtherembodiment of the method, the step of sampling the power inductorcurrent may comprise the step of sampling a voltage developed across thelow side MOSFET when the voltage on the timing capacitor reaches thepredetermined reference voltage.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the step of samplingthe power inductor current may comprise the steps of: providing a pilotfield effect transistor (FET) associated with the low side MOSFET,wherein the pilot FET may have a small portion of the power inductorcurrent flowing therethrough; and sampling a voltage developed acrossthe pilot FET and the low side MOSFET when the voltage on the timingcapacitor reaches the predetermined reference voltage. According to afurther embodiment of the method, the step of sampling the powerinductor current may comprise the steps of: providing a currentmeasurement resistor in series with the power inductor; and sampling avoltage developed across the current measurement resistor when thevoltage on the timing capacitor reaches the predetermined referencevoltage. According to a further embodiment of the method, the step ofsampling the power inductor current may comprise the step of sampling avoltage across the power inductor when the voltage on the timingcapacitor reaches the predetermined reference voltage.

According to a further embodiment of the method, the predeterminedthreshold voltage may be approximately zero (0) volts. According to afurther embodiment of the method, may comprise the step of generating asample signal when the voltage on the timing capacitor reaches thepredetermined reference voltage. According to a further embodiment ofthe method, may comprise the step of converting the power inductorcurrent sample into a digital representation thereof with ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) every n^(th) time the voltage on thetiming capacitor reaches the predetermined reference voltage.

According to another embodiment, an apparatus for determining a powerinductor current sample point in a buck switched-mode power supply(SMPS) may comprise: a constant current source having first and secondnodes, wherein the first node thereof may be coupled to a voltagesource; a constant current sink having first and second nodes, whereinthe constant current sink may be twice the current value of the constantcurrent source; a current source switch coupled between the second nodeof the constant current source and the first node of the constantcurrent sink; a current sink switch coupled between the second node ofthe constant current sink and a voltage source common; a timingcapacitor coupled between the first node of the constant current sinkand the voltage source common; a voltage comparator having a first inputcoupled to a predetermined reference voltage, a second input coupled tothe timing capacitor and an output, wherein the output thereof may be ata first logic level when the voltage on the timing capacitor may begreater than the predetermined reference voltage, and at a second logiclevel when the voltage on the timing capacitor may be equal to or lessthan the predetermined reference voltage; wherein when a high sideswitch signal from the SMPS goes to a first logic level the currentsource switch turns on and couples the constant current source to thetiming capacitor, whereby a voltage on the timing capacitor increases;when the high side switch signal from the SMPS goes to a second logiclevel the current source switch turns off and decouples the constantcurrent source from the timing capacitor, whereby the voltage on thetiming capacitor stays the same; and when a 50% pulse width modulation(PWM) period signal from the SMPS may be received the current sinkswitch turns on and couples the constant current sink to the timingcapacitor, whereby the voltage on the timing capacitor decreases twiceas fast it increased when the high side switch signal may be at thesecond logic level, and when the high side switch signal may be at thefirst logic level the voltage on the timing capacitor decreases at thesame rate as it increased.

According to a further embodiment, when the output of the voltagecomparator may be at the second logic level a sample signal may begenerated. According to a further embodiment, a voltage equalizationswitch may be coupled between the timing capacitor and the predeterminedreference voltage, wherein when the sample signal may be generated thevoltage equalization switch may turn on and may force the voltage on thetiming capacitor to become substantially the same as the predeterminedreference voltage. According to a further embodiment, a sample of thepower inductor current may be taken when the sample signal may begenerated.

According to yet another embodiment, a microcontroller for determining apower inductor current sample point in a buck switched-mode power supply(SMPS) may comprise: a constant current source having first and secondnodes, wherein the first node thereof may be coupled to a voltagesource; a constant current sink having first and second nodes, whereinthe constant current sink may be twice the current value of the constantcurrent source; a current source switch coupled between the second nodeof the constant current source and the first node of the constantcurrent sink; a current sink switch coupled between the second node ofthe constant current sink and a voltage source common; a timingcapacitor coupled between the first node of the constant current sinkand the voltage source common; a voltage comparator having a first inputcoupled to a predetermined reference voltage, a second input coupled tothe timing capacitor and an output, wherein the output thereof may be ata first logic level when the voltage on the timing capacitor may begreater than the predetermined reference voltage, and at a second logiclevel when the voltage on the timing capacitor may be equal to or lessthan the predetermined reference voltage; wherein when a high sideswitch signal from the SMPS goes to a first logic level the currentsource switch turns on and couples the constant current source to thetiming capacitor, whereby a voltage on the timing capacitor increases;when the high side switch signal from the SMPS goes to a second logiclevel the current source switch turns off and decouples the constantcurrent source from the timing capacitor, whereby the voltage on thetiming capacitor stays the same; and when a 50% pulse width modulation(PWM) period signal from the SMPS may be received the current sinkswitch turns on and couples the constant current sink to the timingcapacitor, whereby the voltage on the timing capacitor decreases twiceas fast it increased when the high side switch signal may be at thesecond logic level, and when the high side switch signal may be at thefirst logic level the voltage on the timing capacitor decreases at thesame rate as it increased.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the present disclosure may be acquiredby referring to the following description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a buck switched-mode powersupply (SMPS), according to specific example embodiments of thisdisclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a current sample timing andtrigger logic, according to a specific example embodiment of thisdisclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic timing diagram of the current sampletiming and trigger logic shown in FIG. 2 at a 20 percent PWM duty cycle,according to specific example embodiments of this disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic timing diagram of the current sampletiming and trigger logic shown in FIG. 2 at an 80 percent PWM dutycycle, according to specific example embodiments of this disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic time-voltage graph of a capacitor beingcharged and discharged from a constant current source and sink,according to specific example embodiments of this disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates schematic diagrams of inductor current measuringcircuits, according to specific example embodiments of this disclosure;and

FIG. 7 illustrates schematic diagrams of inductor current measuringcircuits, according to other specific example embodiments of thisdisclosure.

While the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific example embodiments thereof have been shownin the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should beunderstood, however, that the description herein of specific exampleembodiments is not intended to limit the disclosure to the particularforms disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to various embodiments of this disclosure, a sample and holdcircuit takes a sample of the current flowing through an inductor of abuck switched-mode power supply (SMPS) at substantially the middle ofthe low side portion (50 percent point during low side switch ON) of thepulse width modulation (PWM) period. This sample of the current throughthe SMPS inductor during the low side ON 50% point may be considered asthe “average” or “DC output” current of the SMPS. And preferably shouldbe taken at precisely the same low side ON 50% point every time the SMPSinductor current is sampled.

The SMPS may use an emulated current mode control architecture. Insteadof a current ramp that is generated from the current through a senseelement, the average output current is summed together with a slopecompensation ramp. The output of the summed current waveforms will thenbe compared to an error amplifier output. Thus the average load currenttaken at the 50 percent point of the low side ON of every PWM period maybe used in controlling the SMPS. At a high level the problem ofdetermining or measuring the average load current comes down to timing.When should the sensed current be sampled to provide the average loadcurrent? This sampling has to happen at substantially the same timeevery cycle (PWM period) and happen at the mid-point of the low-sideswitch, e.g., metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor(MOSFET), on time. Any cycle-by-cycle or mid-point timing shifts willresult in errors in the measured average output current.

The average system load current is needed not only for the PWMgeneration control system but also as a value that can be measured by ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) for conversion to a digital valuerepresenting the analog current sample. However, the ADC conversion maytake longer than a PWM period, therefore converting a sample of theinductor current every n^(th) time the 50% point occurs may benecessary. Taking a plurality of samples of the low side ON 50% pointmore than on the n^(th) time of the PWM period and averaging thesesamples for later conversion by the ADC is also contemplated and withinthe scope of this disclosure. This technique (method) for sampling ofthe inductor current during the low side ON 50% point provides highlyaccurate and repeatable samples of the average inductor current in anintegrated solution compared with present technology inductor currentsampling methods.

It is desired to have this ADC measurement as accurate as possible andtherefore happen at a time when neither power switching transistor,e.g., power MOSFET, driver is switching. A good time to start the ADCconversion would be when a SAMPLE signal is given since this occurs atthe mid-point of the low drive time.

To provide the high degree of sample timing accuracy required, constantcurrent charging and discharging of a timing capacitor in combinationwith a high speed analog voltage comparator may be utilized. A 50percent point of the PWM period is easily provided by a clock running attwice the frequency (period=1/frequency) of the PWM period, e.g., PWMperiod time is derived by dividing by two the 50 percent pointgenerating clock.

Referring now to the drawings, the details of example embodiments areschematically illustrated. Like elements in the drawings will berepresented by like numbers, and similar elements will be represented bylike numbers with a different lower case letter suffix.

Referring to FIG. 1, depicted is a schematic diagram of a buckswitched-mode power supply (SMPS), according to specific exampleembodiments of this disclosure. A buck SMPS, generally represented bythe numeral 100, may comprise a pulse width modulation (PWM) generator102, a high side switch (e.g., power MOSFET) 104, a low side switch(e.g., power MOSFET 106), a power inductor 108, and an output filtercapacitor 110. Output voltage may be sensed (+VsEN, −VsEN) across theoutput filter capacitor 110. Output current may be determined by eithermeasuring the current through inductor 108, e.g., using the voltage dropacross resistor 112 (+IsEN, −IsEN) or the inductor 108 resistanceitself; or the current through the low side switch 106, e.g., using thevoltage drop across resistor 114 (IsN, Isp). Determination of exactlywhen to take a current measurement is determined by a current sampletiming and trigger logic 200, according to specific example embodimentsof this disclosure. It is contemplated and within the scope of thisdisclosure that the PWM generator 102 and the current sample timing andtrigger logic 200 may be part of or function in cooperation with amicrocontroller. More details and information on PWM generation isavailable at the Assignee's website www.microchip.com, e.g., ApplicationNotes AN1050, AN564 and the like, and are incorporated by referenceherein for all purposes.

Referring to FIG. 2, depicted is a schematic diagram of a current sampletiming and trigger logic, according to a specific example embodiment ofthis disclosure. A current sample timing and trigger logic, generallyrepresented by the numeral 200, may comprise a constant current source220, a charge switch (FET) 222, a constant current sink 226, a dischargeswitch (FET) 228, timing capacitor 238, discharge switch (FET) 240,analog input voltage comparator 242, prescaler (n-divider) 254, NANDgates 246 and 248, AND gate 230, and inverters 224, 232, 234, 244, 250and 252. It is contemplated and with the scope of this disclosure thatthere may be other and different circuit configurations that can performthe same functions as the circuit shown in FIG. 2, and may be designedby one having ordinary skill in electronic circuit design and thebenefit of this disclosure.

When the charge switch 222 turns on the constant current source 220 willstart charging the timing capacitor 238 at a constant current of Iwherein a charge on the timing capacitor 238 will linearly increase overtime to produce a charge voltage. When the discharge switch 228 turns onthe constant current sink 226 will start discharging the charge on thetiming capacitor 238. When the charge and discharge switches 222 and228, respectively, are both on the charge/discharge of the timingcapacitor 226 will be the current difference between the constantcurrent source 220 and constant current sink 226. Since the constantcurrent sink 226 has a constant current value of 2I, and the constantcurrent source 220 has a constant current value of I, when both switches222 and 228 are on the timing capacitor 238 will be discharged at aconstant current of I. When only switch 222 is on the constant currentsource 220 will charge the timing capacitor 238 at a constant current ofI. When only switch 228 is on the constant current sink 226 willdischarge the timing capacitor 238 at a constant current of 2I.

The SAMPLE signal from the current sense path will occur at a rate equalto the switching frequency of the PWM signal. When a SAMPLE signal isgenerated by the logic shown in FIG. 2, it also may control switch 240to pre-charge the timing capacitor 238 (voltage equalize) to a referencevoltage also coupled to the non-inverting input of the voltagecomparator 242. This reference voltage may be, for example but is notlimited to, 0.7 volts (V), according to one embodiment. However, otherreference voltages such as, for example, 0.0 volts may be used.

The PWM period may be faster than an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)(not shown) takes to convert the analog current sample to a digitalrepresentation thereof. Therefore a prescaler 254 (divide by n circuit)may be needed between the SAMPLE signal and the ADC conversion triggersignal used to initiate an ADC conversion. Samples of the analog currentvalues may still be taken at every low side 50% point and averagedtogether, however, for conversion by the ADC. Using the flip-flopcircuit comprising NAND gates 230 and 234 and inverters 232 and 236, the50% PWM period signal will turn on the switch 228 that will remain onuntil the SAMPLE signal is asserted.

Referring to FIG. 3, depicted is a schematic timing diagram of thecurrent sample timing and trigger logic shown in FIG. 2 at a 20 percentPWM duty cycle, according to specific example embodiments of thisdisclosure. When the PWM duty cycle is less than 50% the SAMPLE signalis generated according to the following description and is depicted inFIG. 3. The capacitor 238 is charged with a constant current equal to Ifrom the constant current source 220 only when the high drive (HI_ON) isasserted (on) (high-side switch 104 on), causing the charge switch 222to conduct (turn on), thereby coupling the constant current source 220to the timing capacitor 238. The timing capacitor 238 is already chargedto 0.7V wherein the constant charging current I will further increasethe voltage charge thereon. The charging switch 222 remains on and theconstant current source 220 remains coupled to the timing capacitor 238until the high drive (HI_ON) is de-asserted (off) (high-side switch 104off).

If the high-side switch 104 turns off before the PWM switching periodhas reached 50%, then the charging switch 222 turns off and the chargeon the capacitor 238 is held. With no current source 220 and/or currentsink 226 coupled to the timing capacitor 238, it will maintain thecharge (voltage) thereon. When the PWM switching period reaches 50%,switch 228 turns on and the current sink 226 is coupled to the timingcapacitor 238, thereby discharging the voltage charge thereon at aconstant current rate of 2I. Thus capacitor 238 discharges twice as fastas it was charged. When the voltage charge on the capacitor 238 is 0.7V,the point in time is reached were the load current is sampled. Thissampling point coincides with the mid-point of the low-side switch 106conduction time.

Starting at the PWM period 50% point the voltage on the timing capacitor238 continues to decrease so long as the constant current sink 226 iscoupled to it and until the voltage on the timing capacitor 238 reaches0.7V, wherein the voltage comparator 242 output will go high, theinverter 244 output will go low and the output of the NAND gate 246 willgo high. This will cause the output of the NAND gate 248 to go low sincethe high drive (HI_ON) is de-asserted (off). When the output of the NANDgate 248 goes low, the output of the inverter 252 goes high and a SAMPLEsignal is generated, causing the FET switch 240 to turn on, therebyresetting the voltage on the timing capacitor 238 back to 0.7V, if at adifferent voltage. The SAMPLE signal goes high at the midpoint of whenthe low side switch 106 is on. Thus a sample of the current through theinductor 108 is taken at the midpoint or average of the inductorcurrent.

Referring to FIG. 4, depicted is a schematic timing diagram of thecurrent sample timing and trigger logic shown in FIG. 2 at an 80 percentPWM duty cycle, according to specific example embodiments of thisdisclosure. When the PWM duty cycle is greater than 50%, the SAMPLEsignal is generated according to the following description and isdepicted in FIG. 4. The capacitor 238 is charged with a constant currentequal to I from the constant current source 220 only when the high drive(HI_ON) is asserted (on) (high-side switch 104 on), causing the chargeswitch 222 to conduct (turn on), thereby coupling the constant currentsource 220 to the timing capacitor 238. The timing capacitor 238 isalready charged to 0.7V wherein the constant charging current I willfurther increase the voltage charge thereon. Charging switch 222 remainson and the constant current source remains coupled to the timingcapacitor 238 until the high drive (HI_ON) is de-asserted (off). At thePWM period 50% point, switch 228 is turned on and the current sink 226is also coupled to the timing capacitor 238, thereby discharging thevoltage charge thereon at a constant current rate of I since the currentsource 220 remains coupled to the timing capacitor 238.

Once the high-side switch 104 is turned off, the switch 222 will beturned off by the high side drive (HI_ON) going low. Then voltage on thetiming capacitor 238 will decrease at twice the rate it was charged atuntil the voltage on the timing capacitor 238 reaches 0.7V. Wherein thevoltage comparator 242 output will go high, the inverter 244 output willgo low and the output of the NAND gate 246 will go high. This will causethe output of the NAND gate 248 to go low since the high drive (HI_ON)is de-asserted (off). When the output of the NAND gate 248 goes low, theoutput of the inverter 252 goes high and a SAMPLE signal is generated,thereby resetting the voltage on the timing capacitor 238 back to 0.7Vif at a different voltage. The SAMPLE signal goes high at the midpointof when the low side switch 106 is on. Thus a sample of the currentthrough the inductor 108 is taken at the midpoint or average of theinductor current.

Referring to FIG. 5, depicted is a schematic time-voltage graph of acapacitor being charged and discharged from a constant current sourceand sink, according to specific example embodiments of this disclosure.The function of the analog timing circuit shown in FIG. 2 may better beunderstood by referring to FIG. 5, wherein a time-voltage graph of acapacitor 538 being charged from a constant current source 520 anddischarged by a constant current sink 526 is depicted. When thecapacitor 538 is charged through the constant current source 520, thevoltage, Vcap, across the capacitor 518 increases linearly with time,according to the equation: I=C*dV/dt, where C is the capacitance valueof the capacitor 538, I is the current from the constant current source520 and V is the voltage on the capacitor 538 at time t. When any twovalues of the current, I; time, t; and voltage, V are known, the otherunknown value may be calculated from the two known values. For example,if the capacitance of the capacitor 538 and the charging current fromthe constant current source 520 are known, then the time t₁ at voltageV₁ and the time t₂ at voltage V₂ may be determined using equation (1)above. Similarly, the voltage on the capacitor 538 may be discharged bycoupling the constant current sink 526 thereto. When the constantcurrent sink 526 has a constant current of 2I or twice the constantcurrent value of the constant current source 520, the timing capacitor538 will be discharged (2I) twice as fast as it was charged at constantcurrent I. If the constant current sink 526 is substantially twice thecurrent value of the constant current source 520, the timing capacitor538 will always be discharged at twice the rate at which it was chargedwhen only the constant current sink 526 is coupled thereto. A moregeneral use description of applications for constant current chargingand discharging of a timing capacitor are more fully described inMicrochip application notes AN1250 and AN1375, available atwww.microchip.com, and commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,460,441 B2,entitled “Measuring a long time period;” and U.S. Pat. No. 7,764,213 B2,entitled “Current-time digital-to-analog converter,” both by James E.Bartling; wherein all are hereby incorporated by reference herein forall purposes.

Referring to FIG. 6, depicted are schematic diagrams of inductor currentmeasuring circuits, according to specific example embodiments of thisdisclosure. A current measuring circuit is shown in FIG. 6(a) wherein aresistor 114 develops a voltage when low side current passestherethrough. In FIG. 6(b) the internal resistance of the switch (FET)106 is used instead of resistor 114. In FIG. 6(c) a sense or pilot FET107 may be used as the current sense element. The current through thesmall pilot FET 107 may be used instead of the voltage developed acrossthe resistor 114. The pilot FET 107 may be built into or co-packagedwith the main power FET 106 and typically has a much larger RDSon thanthe main power FET 106. For example, this design may be capable ofsensing current with the pilot FET 107 to the power FET 106 with anRDSon ratio of 10,000:1. All of these current measurement circuitsprovide an analog parameter indication of the current through theinductor 108 during low side switch 106 conductance.

Referring to FIG. 6(d), the inductor current signal on input terminalsIsN and Isp may be applied to a differential input amplifier 660 andthen to a sample and hold circuit 662 that may take a voltage sampleevery SAMPLE signal assertion, and may have a voltage offset introduced,e.g., 0.5V. The voltage offset is used so that the error amplifier cancontrol narrow duty cycles under light load conditions. Typically, evenrail-to-rail output amplifiers cannot drive all the way to the voltagerail. This voltage offset allows the error amplifier to maintain controlover all duty cycle conditions. Amplifier 664 may further conditionand/or amplify an I_(SENSE) signal for conversion by an ADC (not shown).The ADC may convert the I_(SENSE) signal to a digital representationthereof every n^(th) time the SAMPLE signal occurs. Samples of theanalog current values may be taken at every low side 50% point andaveraged together before being converted to a digital value by the ADC.

Referring to FIG. 7, depicted are schematic diagrams of inductor currentmeasuring circuits, according to other specific example embodiments ofthis disclosure. An inductor current sense element can be either aresistor 112 (FIG. 1) in series with the output to the load, or theseries resistance 712 of the inductor 708. If the series resistance 712of the inductor 708 is used, an RC filter may be placed around theinductor 708 as shown in FIG. 7(a). The value of resistor 770 (R_(S))and capacitor 772 (C_(S)) may be determined by using the followingformula:L/R _(L) =R _(S) ×C _(S),where

L is the inductance value of the output inductor 708,

R_(L) is the series resistance 712 of the output inductor 708,

R_(S) is the current sense filter resistor 770, and

C_(S) is the current sense filter capacitor 772.

When the current sense filter time constant is set equal to the inductortime constant, the voltage appearing across capacitor 772 (Cs)approximates the current flowing in the inductor 708 multiplied by theseries resistance 712 of the inductor 708.

Referring to FIG. 7(b), the inductor current signal on input terminalsIsN and Isp may be applied to a differential input amplifier 760 andthen to a sample and hold circuit 762 that may take a voltage sampleevery SAMPLE signal assertion, and may have a voltage offset introduced,e.g., 0.5V. The voltage offset is used so that the error amplifier cancontrol narrow duty cycles under light load conditions. Typically, evenrail-to-rail output amplifiers cannot drive all the way to the voltagerail. This voltage offset allows the error amplifier to maintain controlover all duty cycle conditions. Both sampled current and measured outputcurrent may be used for control. Amplifier 764 may further conditionand/or amplify an I_(SENSE) signal for conversion by an ADC (not shown).The ADC may convert the I_(SENSE) signal to a digital representationthereof every n^(th) time the SAMPLE signal occurs. Samples of theanalog current values may be taken at every low side 50% point andaveraged together before being converted to a digital value by the ADC.

The entire circuit described herein may be preferably implemented withina microcontroller having an ADC, PWM generator and charge timemeasurement unit (CTMU). Configurable logic may be present in themicrocontroller to allow a configuration according to one of theembodiments discussed above. However, specific implementations of theCTMU may already provide for the required circuitry. Firmware maycontrol the respective circuits to automatically measure the currentwith very little software overhead in particular for SMPS applications.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for determining a powerinductor current sample point in a buck switched-mode power supply(SMPS), comprising: a constant current source having first and secondnodes, wherein the first node thereof is coupled to a voltage source; aconstant current sink having first and second nodes, wherein theconstant current sink is twice the current value of the constant currentsource; a current source switch coupled between the second node of theconstant current source and the first node of the constant current sink;a current sink switch coupled between the second node of the constantcurrent sink and a voltage source common; a timing capacitor coupledbetween the first node of the constant current sink and the voltagesource common; a voltage comparator having a first input coupled to apredetermined reference voltage, a second input coupled to the timingcapacitor and an output, wherein the output thereof is at a first logiclevel when the voltage on the timing capacitor is greater than thepredetermined reference voltage, and at a second logic level when thevoltage on the timing capacitor is equal to or less than thepredetermined reference voltage; wherein when a high side switch signalfrom the SMPS goes to a first logic level the current source switchturns on and couples the constant current source to the timingcapacitor, whereby a voltage on the timing capacitor increases; when thehigh side switch signal from the SMPS goes to a second logic level thecurrent source switch turns off and decouples the constant currentsource from the timing capacitor, whereby the voltage on the timingcapacitor stays the same; and when a 50% pulse width modulation (PWM)period signal from the SMPS is received the current sink switch turns onand couples the constant current sink to the timing capacitor, wherebythe voltage on the timing capacitor decreases twice as fast it increasedwhen the high side switch signal is at the second logic level, and whenthe high side switch signal is at the first logic level the voltage onthe timing capacitor decreases at the same rate as it increased.
 2. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the output of the voltagecomparator is at the second logic level a sample signal is generated. 3.The apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a voltageequalization switch coupled between the timing capacitor and thepredetermined reference voltage, wherein when the sample signal isgenerated the voltage equalization switch turns on and forces thevoltage on the timing capacitor to become substantially the same as thepredetermined reference voltage.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 3,wherein a sample of the power inductor current is taken when the samplesignal is generated.
 5. A microcontroller comprising the apparatus ofclaim
 1. 6. A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) comprising: high sideand low side switches coupled in series between a supply voltage andcommon, and a power inductor coupled between a junction of the high sideand low side switches and a load, a current sampling timing and triggerlogic circuit comprising: a timing capacitor configured to be coupledwith a first constant current source when the high side switch is on andto be discharged when a pulse width modulation (PWM) period of the SMPSreaches 50% and the high side switch is on; and wherein the timingcapacitor is further configured to be discharged with a second constantcurrent when the PWM period reaches 50% and the high side switch is off,wherein the second constant current is twice the first constant current;and wherein the current sampling timing and trigger logic circuit isfurther configured to sample a power inductor current when a voltage onthe timing capacitor reaches a predetermined reference voltage.
 7. Thesystem according to claim 6, wherein the timing capacitor is furtherconfigured not to be charged or discharged when the high side switch isoff and the PWM period is less than 50%.
 8. The system according toclaim 6, wherein said timing capacitor is further configured to bepre-charged to the reference voltage when the power inductor current issampled.
 9. The system according to claim 6, further comprising ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to convert the powerinductor current sample into a digital representation thereof.
 10. Thesystem according to claim 6, comprising a current measurement resistorbetween the low side switch and the supply common; and wherein thesystem is configured to sample a voltage developed across the currentmeasurement resistor when the voltage on the timing capacitor reachesthe predetermined reference voltage.
 11. The system according to claim6, wherein the high side and low side switches are power transistors.12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the power transistors aremetal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs).
 13. Thesystem according to claim 12, wherein the system is configured to samplea voltage developed across the low side MOSFET when the voltage on thetiming capacitor reaches the predetermined reference voltage.
 14. Thesystem according to claim 12, further comprising a pilot field effecttransistor (FET) associated with the low side MOSFET, wherein the pilotFET has a small portion of the power inductor current flowingtherethrough; and wherein the system is configured to sample a voltagedeveloped across the pilot FET and the low side MOSFET when the voltageon the timing capacitor reaches the predetermined reference voltage. 15.The system according to claim 6, further comprising a currentmeasurement resistor in series with the power inductor; and wherein thesystem is configured to sample a voltage developed across the currentmeasurement resistor when the voltage on the timing capacitor reachesthe predetermined reference voltage.
 16. The system according to claim6, wherein the system is configured to sample a voltage across the powerinductor when the voltage on the timing capacitor reaches thepredetermined reference voltage.
 17. The system according to claim 6,wherein the predetermined threshold voltage is approximately zero (0)volts.
 18. The system according to claim 6, wherein the system isconfigured to generate a sample signal when the voltage on the timingcapacitor reaches the predetermined reference voltage.
 19. The systemaccording to claim 6, further comprising an analog-to-digital converter(ADC) configured to convert the power inductor current sample into adigital representation thereof every n^(th) time the voltage on thetiming capacitor reaches the predetermined reference voltage.